回不去的西藏,走向消亡的游牧生活

YakHerders’VanishingWayofLife

Forhundredsofyears,nomadicDokpayakherdersmovedbetweenthehigh-altitudeTibetanPlateauandtheHimalayanvalleysofSikkim,followingmigrationpatternsthatwerecrucialtotheircultureandtheirlivestock.Yakshadtheopportunitytobreedbeyondtheirowngenepool;youngpeoplecouldmeetpotentialspousesfromawidevarietyoffamilies;Dokpasranlucrativecross-bordertradeoperationsandvisitedsacredplaceswheretheyperformedimportantBuddhistrituals.WiththeoutbreakofhostilitiesbetweenIndiaandChinain,however,thefrontierbetweenIndiaandTibetwassealed.Dokpamigrationrouteswereseveredandfamiliesweretrappedonwhicheversideofthebordertheyhappenedtobeonwhenitwasclosed.

数百年来,放牧牦牛的牧民在高海拔的青藏高原和锡金喜马拉雅山谷之间迁徙,遵循着对其文化和牲畜都至关重要的迁徙模式。牦牛不仅有机会超越自己的基因库进行繁殖,也让年轻人可以从大量不同的家族那里遇到未来配偶。牧民们开展着利润丰厚的跨境贸易业务,前往举行重要佛事的圣地。然而,随着印度与中国在年爆发敌对行动,印度和西藏之间的边界被封锁了。牧民的迁徙路线被切断,游牧家族被困在了他们当时恰好所在的一侧。

Lifeforthenomadsbecameincreasinglydifficultastheystruggledtoadapttheirage-oldsurvivalstrategiestotheirnewlyrestrictedterritory.ForthosestuckontheSikkimside,manychallenges—includinglandminesthatblewuptheiryaksandeconomicoppressionbylocal,non-nomadicLachenpapeople—aroseandpersisttothisday.

面对新近受到的领土限制,这些游牧民族努力调整旧式的生存策略,他们的生活变得越发艰难。那些被困在锡金一边的人遇到了很多挑战,并且持续到今天,包括牦牛踩到地雷被炸死,以及当地非游牧民族拉钦巴人(Lachenpa)对他们的经济压迫。

Withtheirherdssufferingandtheirfuturebleak,Dokpasbeganabandoningthemountainsafewdecadesago.Today,virtuallyeveryfamilysendstheirchildrentoboardingschoolsrunbytheTibetangovernment,inIndiancitiesasfarawayasVaranasiandBangalore–andmostparentsknowthattheirchildrenwillneverreturntotheincrediblyharshlifeofherdingyaksbetween14,and18,feetabovesealevel.ThesephotosarepartofaprojectthatI’vebeenworkingontodocumentDokpalifeinnorthSikkim,beforeitdisappearsforever.

随着牦牛群受困,他们的未来变得黯淡,牧民们几十年前开始离开山脉。今天,几乎每个家庭都将孩子送到瓦拉纳西和班加罗尔那些遥远的印度城市,送到西藏政府管理的寄宿学校上学,绝大多数父母都知道,孩子永远不会再回到在海拔1.4万英尺(约米)到1.8万英尺(约米)的地方放牧牦牛的那种艰苦生活中去了。在锡金北部牧民的生活永远消失之前,我一直在努力记录它,这些照片就是该项目的一部分。

Geliklefthislifeasahigh-altitudeyakherderabout20yearsagotomovetotheTibetansettlementofRavangla.HeexplainedthatwhentheborderbetweenIndiaandTibetwassealed,allDokpasthoughtitwasatemporaryresponse,andthataftersometimethey’dbeallowedtomigrateagain.Buttheyweren’t,andasaresult,theyak-herdinglifebecametoodifficult.HewantstogobacktoTibetoncebeforehedies.

大约20年前,格里克(Gelik)放弃高海拔牦牛牧民的生活,搬到了拉旺格拉(Ravangla)的藏人定居点。他说,当初印度和西藏之间的边界被封锁时,所有牧民都以为这只是暂时的,只要过一段时间,他们就能恢复迁移。但并没有,放牧牦牛的生活变得太过艰难。他想在死之前回一趟西藏。

SamtenDomamilksayakinthemountainsofnorthSikkim.ShespendswintersintheTibetansettlementatRavanlga,inSikkim,andgoestothemountainstohelpherhusband—wholiveswiththeyaksyear-round—insummer.

桑登多玛(SamtenDoma)在北锡金山上挤牦牛奶。她在锡金的拉旺格拉藏人定居点过冬,夏天则去山上帮丈夫的忙——丈夫全年都跟牦牛住在一起。

Everymorning,manyDokpas—whoareBuddhist—prayandmakeofferingsoffireandflour.

每天早上,很多牧民——他们是佛教徒——祈祷,用香火和面粉敬神。

SomeofthelastremainingTibetansheepinallofIndiabelongtoaDokpaherdernamedSing-ge,whoduringthesummerstaysatPhalung—atroughly15,feetabovesealevel.Dokpasusedtokeepmanysheep,buttheregionalgoverningcouncil,calleda“dzumsa”,whichisledbythemajoritypopulationinthearea—theLachenpas—setrulesaroundthesaleandslaughterofsheep,includingfixingpricessolow,itwasnolongerworthitforDokpastokeepthem.Allexceptforonefamilysoldtheirsoff.

全印度最后的藏绵羊,其中一些属于名叫辛格(Sing-ge)的牧民,夏天他住在海拔大约1.55万英尺(约合米)的帕龙。牧民们曾经畜养过很多羊只,但是该区域治理委员会“dzumsa”——由该地区的人口占多数的拉钦巴人领导——制定了销售和屠宰羊只的规则,包括把价格限定在很低的水平上,所以牧民们再养羊就不划算了。除了一个家族之外,其他人都把羊卖掉了。

ADokpawhonowlivesinThangu,avillageinnorthSikkimthathasalargenumberofofIndianArmybases.Itfeelsfarawayfromthemountain.

一个牧民现在居住在锡金北部的村庄丹古(Thangu),那里驻扎着大量的印度陆军。那里感觉远离高山。

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